Leadership Execution, Transforming Vision Into Reality

As a senior leader in the New York City Department of Correction, I was entrusted with a broad portfolio of high-level responsibilities that demanded both deep operational expertise and analytical sophistication. My work showcased a rare blend of these capabilities, particularly in managing large-scale uniformed workforces under persistent budgetary constraints. I was granted considerable latitude to exercise independent judgment and make strategic decisions in developing policies and procedures, training programs, uniformed-staffing ramp-ups, and the rapid deployment of workforce resources.

I directly oversaw more than 8,321 uniformed officers and over 900 supervisory personnel across multiple ranks and facilities within a complex departmental chain of command. These efforts encompassed comprehensive assessment and management of the city’s correctional public safety workforce and infrastructure, including rigorous evaluation of logistical, staffing, operational, and security readiness requirements. I also conducted detailed analyses of workflow efficiency for uniformed and medical personnel, the integration of technological adaptations, and the operational impact of seasonal climatic variations in the New York City region—particularly the transition from warm weather to harsh winter conditions.

Identifying Unbudgeted Expenses | Realigned Standards of Measure

In resource-constrained public safety agencies, unbudgeted positions and mission creep can silently erode fiscal integrity and operational readiness. All commands are thoroughly reviewed to identify unfunded or facility-added functions. These positions are carefully examined, and decisions are made to either eliminate them or realign them within budgeted positions. This process addresses the frequent occurrence of unbudgeted ancillary tasks within budgeted events. Additionally, any positions determined to be appropriately civilian in nature are submitted to EHIRE for conversion to standing civilian vacancies, if necessary.

This methodology enhances service delivery frameworks by enabling precise measurement and structured allocation of Full-Time Equivalents (FTEs). Pivotal to this transformation is the mandatory, rigorously evidence-based process for FTE measurement and allocation—required by law and grounded in verifiable data. These measures ensure that every taxpayer-funded position is directly aligned with statutory mandates, eliminate inefficiency and duplication, prevent unauthorized mission expansion, and guarantee that staffing resources fully support lawful priorities and effective public service delivery.

Government Workforce Management Under Budgetary Constraints

Even after eliminating unbudgeted positions and realigning FTEs, broader systemic flaws in budgeting assumptions can still undermine long-term fiscal stability. Incomplete budgetary assumptions often omit critical details, resulting in static formulations that cannot accurately capture the rate of change in operational demands. These models are inherently flawed: they allow budgeted elements to drift beyond their intended scope and metrics over time.

Recurring activities—such as mandatory ancillary tasks—can become normalized within workflows, disrupting budgetary balance. These patterns reduce available workforce time relative to core baseline functions. When leaders underestimate the velocity and cumulative impact of such activities, it erodes the reliability of initial assumptions, creating gaps in oversight, accountability, and governance standards.

To correct these systemic issues, correctional and public safety leaders should adopt comprehensive, real-time, evidence-based models. This involves re-engineering deficient processes with verifiable data to:

• Clarify and resolve budgetary uncertainties.  
• Establish precise, defensible assumptions grounded in observable metrics.  
• Prevent recurring operational shortfalls.  
• Ensure long-term fiscal and operational sustainability.

By shifting from assumption-driven to data-validated frameworks, agencies can maintain workforce readiness, eliminate hidden inefficiencies, and align resources with statutory and public safety priorities. 

Additional Executive-Level Specialized Assignments

2010 – New York City Department of Correction Reorganization

During a comprehensive reorganization of the New York City Department of Correction in 2010 under Mayor Michael Bloomberg—aimed at modernizing administrative processes, strengthening accountability, improving operational efficiency, and aligning leadership with updated policy priorities—several senior roles were realigned to create a more streamlined command structure.

As a Deputy Warden, I was selected to succeed the Bureau Chief of Administration, advancing to Commanding Officer of the Office of Administration and reporting directly to the Chief of the Department. In this elevated role, I exercised broad independent judgment and authority over key agency-wide functions, including the Health Management Division, Toxicology Unit, and Overtime Tracking Unit.

These responsibilities supported oversight of the department’s 8,321 uniformed personnel across ten Rikers Island jails, four borough jails, sixteen court detention facilities, and three hospital prison wards—ensuring coordinated, compliant, and efficient operations at scale.

2008 – New York City Department of Correction Reorganization

In 2008, amid a departmental reorganization under Mayor Michael Bloomberg—intended to enhance operational efficiency, strengthen program delivery, reinforce regulatory compliance, and optimize administrative coordination—several leadership positions were realigned to establish a more integrated framework.

As Commanding Officer of Facility Operations, having been selected to succeed the Assistant Division Chiefs for Divisions I and II, I reported directly to the Bureau Chief. I exercised substantial independent judgment and decision-making authority, directing government administration functions and essential program services.

I served as the primary liaison with the New York State Commission of Correction and the Board of Correction to facilitate collaborative governance and ensure operational compliance across Rikers Island and borough facilities. My responsibilities also included coordinating the department’s divisional maintenance task force for emergency repairs and enhancements, overseeing facility-based training programs and violence-reduction initiatives, and acting as the final reviewing authority for command-discipline proceedings and chronic sick leave designations throughout the uniformed workforce—determining appropriate dispositions, sanctions, or dismissals in accordance with departmental policy.

Deputy Warden of Administration | Vernon C. Bain Center

As Deputy Warden of Administration, I achieved substantial cost reductions in uniformed workforce operations. From January 2013 through June 2013, overtime hours were reduced by 20,601.50 compared to July 2012 through December 2012—a 28% decrease in overtime expenditures during my tenure.

Overtime was further reduced by 4,262.50 hours in July 2013 compared to July 2012, before my commissioned departure as the Commanding Officer of the new Central Intake in August 2013, delivering compounding savings for the upcoming fiscal year. 

These reductions were achieved through the analytical application of structured workforce data modeling and standardized vacation leave administration processes, including classification, sequencing, selection, and iteration, all conducted in accordance with the collective bargaining agreement. Vacation call-outs were distributed evenly across platoon groups to maintain uniform workforce availability for the upcoming fiscal year. By enforcing consistent staffing coverage and eliminating preventable deviations from planned resource allocation, variances in workforce deployment during periods of elevated leave usage did not manifest, particularly during the “Summer Picks” period, thus preserving baseline operational requirements.

Deputy Warden of Administration | George R. Vierno Center

As Deputy Warden of Administration at the George R. Vierno Center, I reported directly to the Warden and exercised significant independent judgment and decision-making authority. I oversaw the command’s administrative functions, security operations, and program delivery, ensuring effective and efficient administration across all areas. In the Warden’s absence, I assumed full command responsibility and performed all duties of the Warden.

During my assignment (July 2007–June 2008), overtime costs were reduced by 35%, totaling 62,985 hours compared to the prior fiscal year. This reduction was achieved by reconfiguring the entire command workforce structure to place steady staff on budgeted posts, including mandatory backfill relief coverage for each housing area. The restructuring process, involving over 600 uniformed personnel, was completed within 90 days while maintaining continuous facility operations.

Workforce tour conversions incorporated detailed measurement of staffing-gap fluidity and the instantaneous rate of change in platoon-group backfill requirements. A key operational outcome was the complete assignment of 100% of the command’s uniformed correction officers to steady tours of duty. This standardized scheduling approach effectively managed variability in staffing assumptions and platoon group tour-of-duty allocations, resulting in stable and predictable workforce coverage.

Executive Officer of the Bronx Detention Complex | Bronx Hall of Justice

As Executive Officer of the Bronx Detention Complex, I exercised independent judgment and considerable latitude in decision-making while overseeing security, administration, and daily operations across all court detention facilities in Bronx County. Simultaneously, I directed the design and implementation of staffing allocations for the newly established NYC Department of Correction command at the Bronx Hall of Justice. This role required coordinated management of logistical, staffing, security, and operational requirements in close collaboration with multiple external entities, including the Honorable Barry Salman (Bronx Supreme Court Administrative Judge), the Office of Court Administration, the Bronx Central Booking NYPD Commanding Officer, City Hall representatives from the Criminal Justice Bureau, and the New York State Dormitory Authority.

Under my direct leadership, overtime expenditures were reduced by 80%, totaling 9,749 hours in fiscal year 2006, with these savings continuing into the following fiscal years. At the same time, 100% of uniformed staff at the rank of Correction Officer were assigned to steady tours of duty. Amid ongoing personnel turnover, no additional staffing resources were required, and overtime demand remained suppressed for over two years while all mandatory budgeted hours of coverage were consistently met. This approach allowed staffing levels to be reduced without compromising the operational baseline function, producing a sustained budgetary savings curve over two years.

These outcomes were achieved through targeted budgetary cost-compression techniques that effectively managed variability in staffing assumptions and platoon group tour schedules. Throughout this period, key performance indicators remained strong: on-time court productions stayed above 95%, staffing coverage remained consistent, and overall scheduling was refined to a high degree of proficiency, delivering exceptional consistency and predictability. These sustained results demonstrated disciplined workforce management that successfully aligned operational requirements, budgetary constraints, court production timelines, and public safety obligations.

To ground algorithmic modeling in operational reality, I first conducted a manual forward-computational analysis of workforce labor requirements. This process isolated key variables—such as leave accrual rates and tour demand variability—and systematically mapped their downstream fiscal impacts over time using detailed schedule grids (shift-by-shift rosters and tour calendars).

These granular, step-by-step baselines enabled precise identification of cost-saving opportunities across multiple fiscal cycles. By projecting labor costs against operational variables such as turnover, anomalous overtime events, and backfill demands, I pioneered a manual forward-computational framework that exposed budgetary soft spots before they could manifest as overruns. These projections established the foundational logic for subsequent algorithmic models, securing sustained multi-year savings without requiring additional resources or compromising mandatory coverage to sustain public safety obligations.

To further support workforce quality of life and readiness within existing budgetary limits, I implemented supplemental provisions that allowed staff to draw on their accrued benefits to proactively address exhaustion. These provisions systematically incorporated a refined relief factor—adjusted through accelerated, controlled use of earned leave—into mapped cost-saving curves for each fiscal year. By deliberately accelerating the use of accrued benefits in alignment with operational needs, the approach quantified and delivered measurable savings at zero additional cost while simultaneously bolstering staffing readiness and operational predictability.

A clear example of these provisions in action occurred in June 2005, when accelerated use of accumulated leave reached 199 days (1,592 hours) under the guidelines in Teletype HQ-00117-0. In the same month, overtime accumulation dropped to just 24 hours. With the assessment and reconditioning of the command platoon group’s comportment and alignment completed, these disciplined standards of practice produced consistent savings curves across the full continuum of operations, demonstrating the long-term effectiveness of the approach in balancing workforce readiness, quality of life, and fiscal responsibility.

Key Advancements in Workforce Governance, Empirical Data Science, and Technology

Administrative Dashboard Database| New York City Department of Correction

I developed an Administrative Dashboard Database that integrated human resources management with advanced analytics. This system significantly improved workforce orchestration and resource allocation across the New York City Department of Corrections. At its core, the dashboard employed sophisticated calculus-based methods to accurately quantify workforce assumptions. These methods enabled precise measurement and structured allocation of Full-Time Equivalents (FTEs), ensuring staffing decisions were grounded in verifiable data rather than estimates.

The technology incorporated machine learning, artificial intelligence, and backpropagation techniques. These were combined with empirical algorithms that were explicitly guided by Human-In-The-Loop (HITL) methodologies. The HITL framework maintained essential human oversight at critical decision points. This approach enhanced model interpretability, improved overall accuracy, and ensured strong alignment with the practical realities of correctional operations.

The dashboard facilitated seamless data convergence across disparate legacy systems. It iteratively identified and resolved inefficiencies in existing data management practices through repeated cycles of analysis, human-guided refinement, and algorithmic adjustment. Ultimately, these efforts transformed outdated processes into intelligent, adaptive technology frameworks. The result supported real-time decision-making, predictive staffing modeling, and sustained operational efficiency in complex correctional environments.

Administrative Operation Manual | New York City Department of Correction

I authored the inaugural Administrative Operations Manual for the New York City Department of Correction. This comprehensive document consolidated disparate departmental practices, policies, and procedures into a single, logically indexed reference guide focused on the disciplined management of uniformed personnel and administrative operations.

The manual introduced standardized procedures and methodologies for data system management, governance, and compliance, addressing previously unaddressed policy gaps, including balanced operational engagement rules and adherence to contractual and collective bargaining standards. By establishing clear, consistent frameworks, it enhanced organizational performance, improved accountability, and reduced ambiguity in day-to-day administrative and personnel management functions.

This foundational document has served as a benchmark and reference point for subsequent administrative operations manuals, providing future leaders with a structured model for maintaining, updating, and reconditioning governance practices within evolving correctional and government institutions.

Administrative Operations Manual – Chapter 3, Section 26 

New York City Department of Correction

In authoring the Administrative Operations Manual, I designed and incorporated departmental staffing tabletop exercises (Chapter 3, Section 26) to evaluate each correctional facility’s physical plant configuration and staffing metrics. These structured exercises enabled facility leadership to assess operational efficiency and resilience by applying a Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP), ensuring the maintenance of essential functions under both routine conditions and during anomalous or disruptive events.

The Tabletop Exercise System delivered objective, quantifiable metrics to:

• Project and validate staffing assumptions for essential budgeted positions  
• Measure organizational performance through continuous oversight, task conditioning, and adherence to established standards.  
• Define and test efficacy within the established chain of command.  
• Evaluate the reliability of performance metrics against budgetary assumptions.

By providing senior leadership with standardized, repeatable assessment tools, the exercises equipped decision-makers to accurately gauge workforce operationalization capabilities, confirm the readiness of a well-regulated uniformed workforce, and support evidence-based adjustments to staffing, training, and resource allocation. 

Policy Reconstruction and Governance Refinement

New York City Department of Correction

As a policy examiner and developer, I introduced structured rigor into previously inefficient policies and procedures, refined governance frameworks, and protocol workflows. I eliminated sources of budgetary leakage, yielding substantial and measurable operational cost savings.

A key example involved the systematic review and revision of vacation smoothing provisions in the Correction Officers’ Benevolent Association (COBA) collective bargaining agreements. I identified and corrected harmful algorithmic biases and structural flaws embedded in the prior administration’s implementation of these provisions, which had contributed to excessive vacation call-outs, predictable staffing shortfalls, and inflated overtime costs—particularly during peak summer vacation periods.

The revised standards recovered thousands of hours of productive workforce time each month by significantly reducing unnecessary call-outs and stabilizing staffing coverage. These updates maintained full compliance with contractual obligations, preserved the original intent and precision of vacation call-out mechanisms, and aligned policy execution with principles of fiscal responsibility and operational continuity.

The reconstructed policies ensured that the department’s uniformed public safety workforce could reliably deliver essential services in accordance with legal and statutory requirements, while operating within appropriate budgetary constraints and minimizing avoidable resource waste.

Refinement of Department Tables of Organization
New York City Department of Correction

As a policy examiner and developer, I designed and implemented new methodologies to systematically extract, analyze, and restructure thousands of data points from the department’s legacy uniformed workforce organization charts (Tables of Organization). These methodologies reconstructed the underlying measurement systems to produce accurate, data-driven frameworks for platoon group allocation and the precise orchestration of staffing Full-Time Equivalents (FTEs).

This work established a mandatory, rigorously evidence-based process for FTE measurement and allocation. The resulting standards provided clear, quantifiable metrics for identifying staffing gaps, assessing adaptability, and ensuring operational preparedness across facilities.

I presented these advancements during an 18-month Management Development for the Future study sponsored by the National Institute of Corrections. The methodologies introduced refined manning formulas and relief factor assessments, generating reliable budgetary metrics that enabled the reconstitution of the workforce planning system for long-term sustainability. Designed to evolve into real-time, multidimensional tools, these measures were tailored to address the specific staffing dynamics and requirements of each correctional institution.

Ultimately, these enhancements significantly improved the functionality, accuracy, and utility of key legacy data management systems within the New York City Department of Correction, supporting a more disciplined, transparent, and adaptive workforce governance.

Additional Accomplishments |Case Studies in Workforce Orchestration and Governance
New York City Department of Correction

Throughout my tenure with the New York City Department of Correction, I applied complex, empirically derived methodologies and performance measures across multiple command structures and facilities. These tailored approaches delivered disciplined workforce orchestration and governance, resulting in consistent gains in operational efficiency, accountability, and resource optimization.

The cumulative impact of these interventions produced record-breaking overtime reductions totaling 135,852.50 hours compared to equivalent temporal periods. Each policy revision, procedural adjustment, and workforce management framework I incorporated was deliberately designed and validated through empirical practice—relying on data-driven analysis, measurable outcomes, and iterative refinement rather than assumption-based or legacy methods.

These case studies demonstrate the transformative power of evidence-based governance in a high-stakes correctional environment. By precisely aligning staffing, eliminating budgetary waste, and ensuring operational continuity, such approaches advance both public safety and fiscal accountability.

Resilience and Continued Impact Despite Institutional Resistance

While in command, I refused to allow hidden layers of institutional power—whether external or internal—to subordinate objective merit and competence to entrenched practices or mere continuity, nor to compromise my principled leadership. This stand often exacted considerable personal and professional sacrifice, including unethical measures that temporarily sidelined me from the Office of Administration, rewarded those responsible, and reversed duly implemented advancements. Yet despite persistent challenges and entrenched biases, I persevered—consistently delivering targeted, evidence-based solutions to restore operational integrity and advance equitable, constitutional correctional governance.

Such principled decisions, rooted in rational alignment with lawful priorities and the public interest, endure only as long as institutional consent and leadership sustain them. My expertise equips me to restore order and build disciplined, transparent, efficient workforce management and constitutional compliance in resource-constrained correctional environments—fostering accountable systems that prioritize merit, equity, and enduring public safety.

Following my tenure in the Office of Administration, subsequent reassignments led to my appointment as Deputy Warden of Administration at the Vernon C. Bain Center (VCBC). In this demanding floating facility, I assumed leadership amid a critical operational crisis: overtime expenditures had risen sharply due to systemic deficiencies in workforce management and healthcare delivery, resulting in significant budgetary strain and compromised continuity.

Through decisive, evidence-based interventions—including refined staffing protocols, enhanced medical coordination, and rigorous accountability measures—I achieved substantial overtime reductions, yielding a net savings of 20,601.50 hours (a 28% decrease) from January to June 2013 compared to the prior six-month period. These reforms restored operational stability, regulatory compliance, and efficient resource utilization in a highly constrained environment.

My success at VCBC led to my appointment as commanding officer of New York City's Central Intake initiative under the Bloomberg administration. This groundbreaking effort launched a new admissions jail on Rikers Island in 2013 (as detailed in this press release), centralizing intake for most male adult inmates. It emphasized evidence-based recidivism risk assessments and needs identification—including mental health and substance abuse treatment—to improve custody management, discharge planning, and reentry.

The groundbreaking at the Anna M. Kross Center, attended by DOC Commissioner Dora B. Schriro, DDC Commissioner David J. Burney, and Deputy Mayor Linda Gibbs, introduced innovations such as Direct Supervision, immediate access to meals, medication, and counseling, and the Individualized Correction Achievement Plan (I-CAN). The LEED Silver-accredited facility featured 512 single cells, 16 dormitories, a 225-bed infirmary, natural light, air conditioning, and dedicated spaces for health services and recreation. It enabled rapid processing, with nearly 10% of inmates released within 24 hours and almost 50% within seven days.

The new building was originally slated for completion as the permanent Central Intake facility in 2018. However, decisions by the incoming 2014 mayoral administration halted the project.

The operational pause at the Department of Corrections' Central Intake facility—and the persistent systemic challenges the agency faces today—underscore the profound setbacks that can derail meaningful reform. Discontent and distrust deepen when institutional indifference obstructs progress. These initiatives were designed to establish proportionate governance frameworks, meet necessary standards of care, and enhance the overall capabilities of New York City's jail system. Yet subsequent pauses and ongoing issues—including overcrowding, staffing shortages, violence, and repeated compliance failures—highlight the entrenched resistance that continues to complicate evidence-based reform.

The strength of a society rests upon the moral integrity of its citizens. When institutional authority is exercised for private gain rather than the public good, its legitimacy is forfeited. My career stands as testimony to the conviction that true order consists not merely in the absence of disorder, but in the presence of justice, constitutional discipline, and accountable leadership.

William D. Colón